From Grid to Chip: Power Architecture, Stability, and Flexibility of AI Data Centers

arXiv:2609.11649v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: The rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI) computing is transforming data centers into large, dynamic electrical loads. Their deployment is primarily constrained by energy availability and grid-connection capacity, which is further aggravated by the ability of power-delivery architectures, control systems, and computing workloads to operate reliably during fast grid disturbances. This article provides a comprehensive overview of forefront challenges and trends in the grid-to-chip framework, and presents a technological perspective on AI data centers as grid-interactive computing systems.