Leaderboard Hacking: Preference-Based Model Evaluations are Vulnerable to Manipulation

arXiv:2611.14769v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Arena-style rankings of language models are a widely used evaluation framework in online leaderboards, research papers, and model evaluation in production. These rankings aim to realistically assess model performance using pairwise comparisons of anonymous models on user prompts, aggregating votes via the Bradley-Terry model to produce the final ranking. However, we find that these leaderboards are highly vulnerable to several manipulation strategies that unscrupulous providers could use to boost a model's rank: strategic voting (individual votes that boost a model's rank, including votes on irrelevant models), strategic prompting (choosing prompts that favor a model), and strategic nomination (boosting the rank of a model by inserting…